Distance measuring equipment

By Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_Measuring_Equipment

D-VOR/DME ground station

DME by itself

Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio navigation technology that measures distance by timing the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals.

Developed in Australia , it was invented by Edward George "Taffy" Bowen while employed as Chief of the Division of Radiophysics of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Another engineered version of the system was deployed by Amalgamated Wireless Australasia Limited in the early 1950s operating in the 200 MHz VHF band. This Australian domestic version was referred by the Federal Department of Civil Aviation as DME(D) (or DME Domestic), and the later international version adopted by ICAO as DME(I).

DME is similar to secondary radar, except in reverse. The system was a post-war development of the IFF (identification friend or foe) systems of World War II. To maintain compatibility, DME is functionally identical to the distance measuring component of TACAN.

Operation

Aircraft use DME to determine their distance from a land-based transponder by sending and receiving pulse pairs - two pulses of fixed duration and separation. The ground stations are typically collocated with VORs. A typical DME ground transponder system for enroute or terminal navigation will have a 1 kW peak pulse output on the assigned UHF channel.

A low-power DME can also be colocated with an ILS localizer where it provides an accurate distance function, similar to that otherwise provided by ILS Marker Beacons.

Hardware

The DME system is composed of a UHF transmitter/receiver (interrogator) in the aircraft and a UHF receiver/transmitter (transponder) on the ground.

Timing

The aircraft interrogates the ground transponder with a series of pulse-pairs (interrogations), The ground station replies with an identical sequence of reply pulse-pairs with a precise time delay (typically 50 microseconds). The DME receiver in the aircraft searches for pulse-pairs (X-mode= 12 microsecond spacing) with the correct time interval between them. The correct time between pulse pairs is determined by each individual aircraft's particular interrogation pattern. The aircraft interrogator locks on to the DME ground station once it understands that the particular pulse sequence is the interrogation sequence it sent out originally. Once the receiver is locked on, it has a narrower window in which to look for the echoes and can retain lock.

Distance calculation

A radio pulse takes around 12.36 microseconds to travel one nautical mile (1.9 km) to and from, this is also referred to as a radar-mile. The time difference between interrogation and reply minus the 50 microsecond ground transponder delay is measured by the interrogator's timing circuitry and translated into a distance measurement in nautical miles which is then displayed in the cockpit.

Specification

A typical DME transponder can provide distance information to 100 to 200 aircraft. Above this limit the transponder avoids overload by limiting the gain of the receiver. Replies to weaker more distant interrogations are ignored to lower the transponder load.

Radio frequency and modulation data

DME frequencies are paired to VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) frequencies. A DME interrogator is designed to automatically tune to the corresponding frequency when the associated VOR is selected. An airplane’s DME interrogator uses frequencies from 1025 to 1150 MHz. DME transponders transmit on a channel in the 962 to 1150 MHz range and receive on a corresponding channel between 962 to 1213 MHz. The band is divided into 126 channels for interrogation and 126 channels for transponder replies. The interrogation and reply frequencies always differ by 63 MHz. The spacing of all channels is 1 MHz with a signal spectrum width of 100 kHz.

Technical references to X and Y channels relate only to the spacing of the individual pulses in the DME pulse pair, 12 microsecond spacing for X channels and 36 microsecond spacing for Y channels.

DME facilities identify themselves with a 1350 Hz morse code three letter identity. If collocated with a VOR or ILS it will have the same identity code as the parent facility. Additionally, the DME will identify itself between those of the parent facility. DME identity is 1350 Hz to differentiate itself from the 1020 Hz tone of the VOR or the ILS localizer.

Accuracy

Accuracy of DME ground stations are 185 m (±0.1 nm). One important thing to understand is that DME provides the physical distance from the aircraft to the DME transponder. This distance is often referred to as 'slant range' and depends trigonometrically upon both the altitude above the transponder and the ground distance from it.

For example, an aircraft directly above the DME station at 6000 feet (1 nautical mile) altitude would still show 1.0 nmi (1.9 km) on the DME readout. The aircraft technically is a mile away, just a mile straight up. Slant range error is most pronounced at high altitudes when close to the DME station.

Radio-navigation aids must keep a certain degree of accuracy (given by international standards, FAA, ICAO...); to assure this is the case, Flight inspection organizations check periodically critical parameters with properly equipped aircraft to calibrate and certify DME precision.

Terminal DME

Terminal DME, referred to as TDME in navigational charts, is a DME which is designed to provide a reading of 0 at the touchdown point of the runway, regardless of the physical location of the equipment. It is typically associated with ILS or other instrument approach.

Future

DME operation will continue and possibly expand as a backup system for space-based navigational systems such as GPS and Galileo.

External links

DME Basics
Longwater Systems - Manufacturer of ground based Distance Measuring Equipment
Thales ATM - Manufacturer of ground based Distance Measuring Equipment
UK Navaids Gallery with detailed Technical Descriptions of their operation
AWA Australian DME VAN-4 Spec's
Mopiens - Manufacturer of ground based Distance Measuring Equipment and DVOR

Text from Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply.

Published in July 2009.

Click here to read more articles related to aviation and space!